Community Health Nursing - 1626 Words

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF NURSING NCM 101 COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING Health Promotion and Public Health Health †¢ A State of complete physical, mental and social well- being, not merely an absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1948). †¢ A State of being well and using every power the individual possesses to the fullest extent (Nightingale, 1969). †¢ Optimum Level of Functioning (OLOF) Determinants of Health (World Health Organization) †¢ The health of individuals and communities are, to a large extent, affected by a combination of many factors. 1. Income and social status – Higher income and social status are linked to better health. 2. Education – Low education levels are linked with poor health, more†¦show more content†¦Human resources development and planning in public health 7. Health promotion, social participation and empowerment 8. Ensuring the quality of personal and population based health services 9. Research, development and implementation of innovative public health solutions. Public Health Nursing †¢ It is a special field of nursing that combines the skills of nursing, public health and some phases of social assistance and functions as part of the total public health programme for the promotion of health, the improvement of the conditions in the social and physical environment, rehabilitation of illness and disability (WHO). †¢ Lillian Wald the director of Henry Street Settlement in New York coined the term â€Å"Public Health Nursing† to denote a service that was available to all people. The term public health nursing become associated with â€Å"public† or government agencies and in turn with the care of the poor people. †¢ The National League of Philippine Government Nurses came up with the Standards of Public Health Nursing in the Philippines 2005. This standards differentiated public health nursing and community health nursing in one area: setting of work as dictated by funding. - The Government is the employer of public health nurses at national and local health agencies. - Position title/ designation given to these nurses by the Civil Service Commission working in these agencies are Public Health Nurses. - The standardShow MoreRelatedCommunity Health For Community Nursing1605 Words   |  7 PagesCommunity Nursing Experience Health is a dynamic, changing state of well-being, which includes physical, mental, sociological, and cultural factors of both individual members and the whole family system (Kaakinen, Coehlo, Steele, Tabacco, Hanson, 2015, p. 5). The Health and well-being of individuals and families are important in order to attain a healthy lifestyle. Community health promotion allows nurses to work with individuals, families, and groups from diverse cultures, traditions and languagesRead MoreCommunity Health Nursing4829 Words   |  20 Pages1. Public health systems are operating within a context of ongoing changes, which exert a number of pressures on the public health system. These changes include all of the following, except: A. Health reforms B. Existing and emerging environmental hazards C. New technologies for health care D. None of the above 2. In response to the changes of the times, the UN General Assembly adopted a vision of poverty reduction and sustainable development. This is exemplified in theRead MoreCommunity Health Nursing4819 Words   |  20 Pages1. Public health systems are operating within a context of ongoing changes, which exert a number of pressures on the public health system. These changes include all of the following, except: A. Health reforms B. Existing and emerging environmental hazards C. New technologies for health care D. None of the above 2. In response to the changes of the times, the UN General Assembly adopted a vision of poverty reduction and sustainable development. This is exemplifiedRead MoreCommunity Health Nursing Reflection1262 Words   |  6 PagesCommunity Health Nursing Reflection NUR/405 August 7, 2012 Community Health Nursing Reflection According to Phyllis Meadows (2009), â€Å"Community health nurses are valued for their adaptability and willingness to provide care in many settings, including community health clinics, churches, homeless shelters, and schools,† (p. 19). Community health nurses aim to improve health outcomes and improve the infrastructure used to monitor and manage disease within the community. Healthy People 2020 hasRead MoreTransition For Community Health Nursing960 Words   |  4 PagesJournal Article Summary: Transition to Community Health Nursing The nursing profession offers an unlimited number of specialties and clinical areas for practice and employment focus. Nursing practice includes; surgery, labor and delivery, telemetry, intensive care unit, and even community nursing care. Furthermore, nurses can explore various degrees, ADN (associated in nursing diploma), baccalaureate nursing (BSN), and even nurse practitioner (NP) covering all areas of the healthcare spectrum. However;Read MoreCommunity And Public Health Nursing1852 Words   |  8 PagesPosition Paper 2 Abstract The focus of this paper is to describe community and public health nursing as it pertains to the disease, Malaria. Major concepts discussed include genomics, funding, laws and legislation, community education, and the role of the public health nurse. Final Position Paper 3 Discussion Malaria is one of the â€Å"most severe public health problems worldwide† (Impact of Malaria, 2014). According to the Centers for DiseaseRead MoreThe Community Health Nursing Practicum Essay1666 Words   |  7 PagesFor the Community Health Nursing practicum, I was placed at Terrace Health Unit within the Public Health department. At this practicum placement, I saw various clients accessing different services at Public Health. The types of services that the Public Health nurses provided are the following: immunizations for children and adults, running multiple flu clinics, testing and treatment of sexually transmitted infections, sexual health clinics, maternity liaison, and the needle exchange program. TheRead MoreCommunity Health Nursing Role in the Community Essay831 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: Community Health Assignment #9 Nursing Role in Public/Community Health Lydia Knapp BSN Student of Muskingum University Abstract I will describe the role of one of the health nurses in Coshocton County for the smoking cessation study. I will describe her daily activities, funding of program, populations targeted, and how she is educating the community. Nursing Role in Public/Community Health I followed Linda Cox, R.N. for the Coshocton County Health Department for one dayRead MoreSchool Nursing As A Community Health Nursing Job1770 Words   |  8 Pagesbasis, a school nurse will encounter numerous health conditions, such as diabetes and seizure disorders, that he or she must provide interventions for (Five). The purpose of this paper is to discuss school nursing as a community health nursing job, to describe my day shadowing Beth Hilleman, the school nurse at Jonesboro Grade School, and the specific details of this program. Before my day shadowing, I was able to find some information about school nursing role from the journal article, the Role ofRead MoreCommunity Health Nursing Reflection Essay1087 Words   |  5 PagesCommunity Health Nursing Reflection Maria Jelyn Engelhardt-Parales NUR/405 August 27, 2012 Amy Weaver Community Health Nursing Reflection Community health nursing practice aims to improve community health by promoting a healthier group of people, individuals, families, and residents within the community. The goal is to maintain, preserve, and promote health by providing information, education, teachings, and health care services to the population. The focus is on the collective good of

Yesterday the Color Purple and Welcome Table Free Essays

For my week one assignment I choose to write about â€Å"The Welcome Table† (Walker, A) 1970. What first captured my interest in this short story was a poem listed before the story, the poem was called â€Å"For my sister Clara Ward† by (Walker, A) 1970 â€Å"I’m going to sit at the Welcome table, Shout my troubles over, Walk and talk with Jesus, Tell God how you treat me, One of these days! † This short story and poem reminds me of going to church with my great grandmother and grandmother. At that time I didn’t realize how precious it was to have them around. We will write a custom essay sample on Yesterday: the Color Purple and Welcome Table or any similar topic only for you Order Now I took for granted having dinner every Sunday after church with those two wonderful ladies, sometime we would have conversations about Jesus and life for hours and hours as we sat around the table. Today I wish they were still here to help guide me through hard times. I find myself walking with my eyes closed listening for their voices for some kind of spiritual direction. Reading â€Å"The Welcome Table† allowed my mind to connect with my imagination to what Alice Walker was expressing to the world, and to the readers. The story focuses on an elderly woman’s life, and after she had worked for many years in many different households, she knew her life was soon coming to an end. Though she felt her life would soon be over her inspiration and focus was looking forward to having a talk with Jesus at the welcome table. The welcome table I believe is a metaphor for when she reaches heaven, she will be able to talk with her savior. In her final days she choose to attend a church to worship and praise Jesus, unfortunately because she was  unfamiliar to the parishioners of the church she was not allowed to continue her worship and she was escorted out of the church, from there the author tells how this elderly woman walked away with her head up and eventually on her journey met with the Lord and he took her home. I was asked to describe one of the analytical approaches outlined in Chapter 16, using details from the text to support your interpretations. I chose to use a formalist approach in my critical essay. 1- The setting for is short story was based on inter-racial issues from a moral and spiritual perspective. It reminds me of my great grandmother and grandmother telling me stories about their participation in some civil right demonstrations, how they have to drink water, shop for food and household supplies and praise God in certain section of the town that they both were raised in. I was always told you must stand for something or you’ll fall for anything. No matter what happen to the women in the story, her faith like Job, no matter what happen she praised God till the very end. That’s what made this story so memorable. 2- The author made this story intriguing from start to finish. I knew what was going on, but was still surprise at the Christians and the way they handle her. 3- The Welcome Table was well described and developed. It seems like it was based from the same small town in the movie â€Å"The Color Purple† which was also written Alice Walker, who was best known for this Pulitzer Prize winning novel â€Å"The Color Purple†. 4- The author had to use some figurative language to set the back drop and to set the mood to reveal the era of the story. It was based in Georgia. You can tell that the town was still segregated and no real harm came to the women because of her age. 5- My point of view was her skin was a pale gray from working in extreme Georgia weather picking cotton, many years she worked also as a cook, chauffeur, and maid some might say mistress. The only pleasure in life that was left was going to church to thank God for keeping her through all the hard times. â€Å"Many at the church saw this as the beginning of the end of the sanctuary of Christian worship. Saw the desecration of Holy Church, and saw an invasion of privacy, which they struggled to believe they still kept† (Walker, A) 1970. Surprisingly enough this elderly woman was escorted by force out of the church building and into the presence of Jesus. How to cite Yesterday: the Color Purple and Welcome Table, Papers

Industrial Revolution Consumption of Energy †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Industrial Revolution Consumption of Energy. Answer: Introduction: Ventilation in buildings can be achieved through either natural ventilation or mechanical ventilation since it plays a very vital role in achieving thermal comfort. Natural ventilation can be achieved through infiltration and window ventilation by having the fenestration on the walls adjacent to important spaces in the building to remove odor and bring in fresh air. It can also be achieved through shaft ventilation and roof fixtures such as roof vents. Mechanical ventilation on the other hand can also be achieved by the use of Heating and Ventilation (HV) systems and simple humidifying and dehumidifying systems. There are different kinds of HV systems that can either have the ability of bringing in outdoor air or recirculating the indoor air. There is no absolute standard of achieving thermal comfort since it ranges from one place to another. Because of this reason, human beings have the ability to live in a range of climates starting from the tropics to high altitudes. Human body is controlled and maintains a standard temperature of 37 degrees Celsius. Any variation either above or below this temperature can be detrimental to the human health. Achieving this mind perception of a satisfactory thermal environment are mostly affected by air temperature, relative humidity, radiant temperature, clothing, activity and air velocity, age and gender, body shape. Introduction to architectural technology has been used by architects to improve the well-being of the buildings occupants by achieving thermal comfort of the indoor experience. The building designs try to optimize on the use of solar energy and this goes into a greater length of understanding of the earths orbit and solar position, which helps the architect in positioning the building. Noise levels are also important in achieving thermal comfort. Acoustic technology has been applied to minimize on the levels of sound in social buildings. These include acoustic reflection, sound insulation, acoustic isolation, and absorption to help in sound minimization. Daylight is proven to have positive biological effects on human health. Its use in buildings have been maximized and modeled to produce great patterns in the interior spaces of buildings. Heating services have also been introduced into building to improve the thermal comfort of occupants. These heating include direct and indirect heating, hydronic heating, radiant floor heating, and indirect warm air heating. Space exploration has created a new space for ecological design that is more peaceful, and environmentally friendly rather than the mess that happens on earth. The adoption of ecological knowledge by architects leads to many theories and debates that were intense just like the world war. However, astronautics were delighted about the space ecology, which is their discovery and methodology of work and seeing other disciplines boring this concept seemed marvelous. The ability of shifting buildings from earth to space has proven to be more sustainable and fascinating experience. Mechanization in plumbing in the American bathroom was widely investigated by Giedion and the fascination of the tub. Giedons intention seeks to modernize bathroom construction in terms of hygiene and visual ethics. His image on the image as illustrated in his book shows how Giedon learn from our history as a magical mirror to improve the design industry in the world of today. His hope was to regenerate the bathing system used by the American in the old days, which might help in redeeming the industrialized culture. Matter is but captured energy; this topic has lead into heated debates in architecture discipline whether this theory is true. It is said that matter is any physical things that can be either a building or body, within this building we found a set of molecular that eventually combine to make a form. Energy not only combines matter but also activates it to the rest of the world. The separation or denial of this fact in architectural discourse, by perpetuating that energy and material are two different things makes architectural field to detach itself from the reality and the physical world. The human race has over the years been adapting to conditions by using technology to overcome situations such as the cold weather or disease. Human beings go through environmental conditioning where they experience a certain intensity that is often uncomfortable and use technology and innovation, which in most cases involve high costs, to surpass this state. However, these changes seem to have made humans more vulnerable to Conclusion: Since the industrial revolution, the consumption of energy for better living standards has gradually increased with more demand for fuel that has had its negative impact on health and environment. If there is any desire to achieve a viable development, those in architecture must apply the code of sustainability by addressing challenges of climate change, saving resources, high operational costs, and issues of health and comfort. For sustainability, there is need to consider the effects that industrialization has on planet earth. Visual perception lies solely on the availability of light. We see an object because the light emitted by the object reached our eye and was processed as information. However, some objects do not emit light but yet our eye recognizes them and this is because of illumination where heat emitted and bounced off surfaces is processed as information. In the conditions of ambient light, the eye processes what is available based on the reflecting surfaces as opposed to radiant light where most information is processed.

The Cooperative Bank free essay sample

This paper examines the foundation and operational systems of the cooperative bank and its attempt to position itself within the context of two generic identities; the cooperative movement and the generic identity of the banking industry. It takes a look at the ethical policy concepts of the bank as its business model and how this has evolved as a differentiation characteristic for the banking industry. It also explores briefly the evolution of the bank since conception, its successes and challenges so far, and its target markets. The cooperative bank was established in 1872. It has a proud history as part of the cooperative movement whose early foundations are traced back to efforts of peasants to break free from capitalist principles and its social system. Its ethical policy strategy was launched in 1992 and states who it chooses not to do business with. These include but not limited to the following: (i)Businesses with links to environmental damage (ii)Arms and fur trade (iii)Genetic modification and animal testing A report by Nicholls (2007) 1 â€Å"defines ethical markets as an aggregated consumer-provider (demand-supply) exchange transactions of goods or services that have as one of their defining product characteristics – a normalised notion of social and/or environmental benefit. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cooperative Bank or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † The cooperative bank operates as a business that is not driven solely by capital but also by human rights and social justice. The bank enjoyed tremendous success in the early 80’s and pioneered innovative ideas such as free interest bearing cheque accounts and free in-credit banking. Due to change and innovation, the organizational structure of cooperative banks has evolved. Co-operative banks today increasingly consist of complex ownership structures that mimic the organisational models of commercial banks. According to Wyman (2008) 2 ‘‘their defining characteristics are no longer as clear cut as during inception’’. Differentiating individual contributions of members and their share of the accruing benefits is becoming increasingly difficult. By the early 90’s, deregulation of the banking sector opened up the current account market to intense competition and consumerism. Based on market research, the bank adopted a new marketing strategy centred on its ethical stance; this created a new public image and awareness, which increased its target market and customer base; currently at over 6million consumers. The bank is also not quoted on the stock market and has just one shareholder which is the cooperative group. 3 this means it is less susceptible to the current fluctuations of the money market and provides better security for customer investments in relation to more popular high credible banks. The 1999 launch of its wholly internet bank, Smile has the 2nd highest customer ratings among UK banks. BBC (2008). 4 In the 2005/06 financial year, whilst making profits of ? 96. 5 million, it turned away business of nearly ? 10 million. 5 This loss of funds is crucial for investment purposes and critics ask if the cooperative bank can successfully lead in the ever competitive banking industry. A look at the big four banks such as Barclays, Hsbc etc show a major strength in their accumulated capital base. Barclays bank has an estimated capital base of $32. 5 billion, 6 this gives it a competitive advantage in providing cutting edge technology, innovative marketing strategies, and broader branch networks etc which all serve to increase the banks’ image in the public eye. The cooperative bank currently faces issues such as insufficient funds to compete strategically with these bigger banks and thus focuses more on providing value and social consciousness through its ethical policy strategy. It also lacks high street accessibility; this relates to its poor branch network in comparison to these other bigger banks. This puts the cooperative bank in a disadvantaged position with customers and target market. Conclusively, the cooperative bank has achieved tremendous growth since inception and essentially struggles with achieving a competitive edge within industry. It appears a lot still has to be done to increase the strength of the brand and the bank needs to review its existing policies and operational structure. We propose that, it takes advantage of the current market fluctuations in the banking sector and increase its direct and indirect marketing strategy. A greater level of awareness on its ethical policy stance and cautious investment drive should be emphasized.

buy custom Components of E-business essay

buy custom Components of E-business essay Planning for the changeover to e-business from the offline business is a strategic component that determines the success of the ecommerce strategy. It involves action plans that include making available the amount of capital required, trained human resource, information technology skills, technology hardware, such as computers and internet connections. This component of e-business dictates the decision on implementation methods and tools used in the changeover, depending on strengths and weaknesses of the business and the opportunities presented by ecommerce according to the vision and mission of the PepsiCo (Cross Miller, 2009). Ecommerce business is an area faced with several risks. Therefore, companies need to understand it well to ensure that they are protected against such risks. PepsiCo faces such risks as well. Some of these risks include loss of merchandise as a result of fraud, misrouting during distribution process to wrong destinations (majorly when the merchants are untrustworthy and untraceable), leading to loss of both goods and money (Cross Miller, 2009). Any businesses adopting ecommerce should ensure that third party merchants are well known, registered, and traceable to curb the loss of customers merchandise and money to potential fraudsters. This is also applicable to the risks of customers disputes of the delivered goods leading to loss of payments. PepsiCo needs to ensure that during ordering, customers provide adequate information to be able to distinguish genuine customers from fraudulent orders. This will reduce the loss money through credit card payments, which poses impacts both on the company and merchants who are forced to pay the bank charges to compensate the losses. Accuracy in processing the transactions remain key to efficient deals to avoid experiencing chargeback costs that also occur when customers dispute the transactions sometimes due to inaccuracy in the amount involved, errors in processing, authorization errors and fraudulent issues. These costs can be avoided if transactions are accurately and efficiently processed. Therefore, this means that the new ecommerce technology should be well understood before the implementation stage takes effect, to be able to seal all the possible loopholes that are likely to give way to losses (Joseph, 2008). Provision of adequate infrastructure system that warns new clients who are not conversant with purchasing on the Internet is important in proving authenticity of the company. These systems should be in a position of protecting clients passwords to sensitive personal information like credit cards to avoid exposure to fraudsters and at the same time authenticate transactions when dealing with fresh cl ients before closing the purchase orders and delivering the products to the customers. Technological components must also be put in place for a company that needs to grow in the modern business environment that is full of competition through the use of high technology machines (Joseph, 2008). The technological platform where e-Business is carried out involves of technologies that have to be tailor-made, tested out and integrated into the business. This component is one of the essential e-business components that include widely approved technological standards and requirements that generate technical procedures and platforms than computers, but can be used to pass information. Technology infrastructure involves reliable Internet connections and adequate machinery, such as computers and browser connections. Technological constituents, such as middleware, are important since they help build broad and complex e-commerce systems. Employee development is strategy that works well for many companies, including PepsiCo. Employees first need to be prepared for the change to avoid unnecessary resistance during the implementation stage. Employee development also involves training workers to be technology compliant and improve their IT skills, which are mandatory in ecommerce having in mind that technology innovation and improvement takes place every time (Shajahan Priyadharshini, 2007). PepsiCo needs to train its clients on how to access information from the companys websites without risking exposing their information to non-deserving people, such as credit card fraudsters. This training can be done through seminars and online information that can be accessed by all existing and potential customers. Many clients are very skeptical when it comes to online purchases due to the widespread Internet fraud and may only be willing to do business with very organized and secure sites. PepsiCo also needs to segment its market during marketing and advertisement of the products. This segmentation can be done in terms of age, social class to provide products that all social groups can afford, and ensuring availability of these products from the distribution stores for the retail customers at all times. One reason that has led to the success of Pepsi products is the differentiation of its brands that have been established and have built customer loyalty in those regions. Product positioning remains vital in building customer loyalty. This can quickly be done through internet marketing, which reaches more people at ago all over the world. The companys first strategy involving agreements with Yahoo picked up well and were very successful because of adequate planning, as well as embracing of the new digital technology. Other reasons include adequate planning, employee development, good management kills, infrastructure, and risk management systems. Fraudulent transactions that have always mired online transactions that make the merchants and clients lose both merchandise and money are the loopholes that have hampered Pepsis success. Thus, they need to be sealed in order to drive businesses to higher levels. PepsiCo being the second largest food and Beverage Company has very strong financial base, which is enough to implement the ecommerce strategy. Training of employees on the new internet marketing skills, supply chain management, inventory management. Implementation of the ecommerce Technology in PepsiCo involved provision of the computer gadgets and internet connection that to provide necessary platform for the change to e-Business (Shajahan Priyadharshini, 2007). PepsiCo also offered in-house trainings to the staff to be technology compliant ready to execute the ecommerce operations. The major stakeholders of the PepsiCo are the suppliers, customers, government, employees, and the management. The companys consumers need to utilize the ecommerce platform to order and pay for products conveniently, while maintaining and managing internet security risks. The internal control systems that are used to authenticate transactions need to be fully outlined with clear chain of command. The improvement of the technology has also provided good business growth opportunity enhancing PepsiCos strength in the market. The involvement of the society, production of healthy products with low sugar levels favorable for children, guarding them against health and lifestyle related diseases like obesity, diabetes, and the environmental protection proojects, gave PepsiCo business advantage over its competitors, such as the Coca-Cola company. PepsiCo does this by converting its product portfolio, forming global initiatives like calorie labeling to increase nutrition education, and backup up programs that promote physical fitness centers (Romanik, 2007). In the ecommerce, PepsiCo has adopted a responsible electronic marketing strategy that teaches children that good eating habits at an earlier age contribute to their future health. PepsiCo adopted a policy in 2009 not to advertise and sell certain products that do not meet specific nutrition level to children under age 12. The policy took effect in 2009 for beverages globally and all snacks and food in the whole world on January 1, 2011. Pepsi plans to stop selling full sugar soft drinks directly to primary and secondary schools across the world by 2012. This policy is to help schools to provide a wider range of low-calorie and nutritious beverages to their students in primary and secondary schools (Ferrell Ferrell, 2010). PepsiCo plans to implement this policy fully by January 1, 2012 and it has announced this interest on the Internet. PepsiCo does not currently sell directly to primary and secondary schools full calorie drinks in Europe, Canada, and a number of countries in the Arabian Peninsula (Ferrell Ferrell, 2010). Currently the use of iPhone has spread to users many including school going children who can easily access the information. For this reason, PepsiCo implements the responsible e-marketing strategy to ensure that information reaches the only relevant people. In as much as technology is acceptable, many online clients have since withdrawn from transacting businesses over the internet due to the widespread internet crimes committed by fraudsters. Many clients have expressed reservations and they prefer offline business transactions to e-business. Bad experience of wrong delivery and erroneous processing of transactions has also contributed to the failure of ecommerce initiative. Pepsi should not just adopt Ecommerce marketing coverage strategy since it focuses on differentiated marketing, they should also consider other aspects that accompany the marketing strategy. Many clients do not have sufficient IT skills that are required in carrying out e-business. This gave the changeover a slow start in some regions, including India, with many insisting on continued offline transaction (Joseph, 2008). Ecommerce and e-business have become the order of modern business. Many companies than need to compete have adapted the two innovations. Ecommerce and e-business involve the use of the Internet in the transaction of goods and services from production, order, delivery, marketing, and payment for the purchased goods and services. PepsiCo is one of the companies that have adopted ecommerce for about ten years and have used the new technology in inventory management, supply chain management, Internet marketing and electronic funds transfer. PepsiCo is an international company that deals in beverages and foods snacks in four major regions in North America, South America, Europe and Asia and African markets with a number of products like Pepsi-Cola, 7Up, Fritos Mountain Dew, Gatorade, Doritos, Pepsi Max, Quaker Foods, Tropicana Cheetos, Miranda, Ruffles, Aquafina, Tostitos, Sierra Mist, Walker's and Lay's Lipton. The company uses the Internet to market and sell these brands. Several strategies ensure all the stakeholders are successfully navigated through the navigation period. These include adequate planning, employee development, good management kills, infrastructure, and risk management systems. Buy custom Components of E-business essay

Cadbury Is A Leading Global Confectionery Company Marketing Essay

Cadbury Is A Leading Global Confectionery Company Marketing Essay Introduction Cadbury is a leading global confectionery company with an outstanding portfolio of chocolate, gum and candy brands. The company employs around 50,000 people and has direct operations in over 60 countries, selling their products in almost every country around the world. The company creates brands people love, brands like Cadbury, Trident and Halls. The company heritage starts back in 1824 when John Cadbury opened a shop in Birmingham selling cocoa and chocolate. Since then Cadbury have expanded the business throughout the world by a program of organic and acquisition leg growth. On 7 May 2008, the separation of Cadbury confectionery and Americas Beverages business was completed creating Cadbury plc with a vision to be the world’s Biggest and Best confectionery company. Mission Statement â€Å"Cadbury means quality† this is the company promise. The company reputation is built upon quality; the company commitment to continuous improvement will ensure that the company promise is delivered. Cadbury has established itself as a company of fairness and integrity, which always attempts to operate as a socially responsible business. Value Performance Cadbury is passionate about winning. The company competes in a tough but fair way. The company is striving, hardworking and makes the most of the abilities. The company is prepared to take risks and act with speed. Quality Cadbury put quality and safety at the heart of all of the activities such as product, people, partnerships and performance. Respect Cadbury genuinely care for the business and the colleagues which like listen, understand and respond. The company is open, friendly and welcoming. The company embraces new ideas and diverse customs and cultures. Integrity Cadbury always strive to do the right thing. The company does the business with honesty; openness and being straight forward characterize the way. Responsibility Cadbury take accountability for the social, economic and environmenta l impact. In this way the company aims to make the business, partners and communities better for the future. Cadbury Business Principles are the code of conduct of the company and also take account of global and local cultural and legal standards. They confirm the company commitment to the highest standards of ethics and business conduct. The core purpose of the company is creating brands people love. The core purpose captures the spirit of what the company is trying to achieve as a business. Market Share By participant, the market is relatively fragmented, with the five largest confectionery companies accounting for around 40% of the market. There are a large number of companies which participate in the markets only a regional or local basis. Cadbury compete against multinational, regional and national companies. The graph shows that Cadbury is the second highest of the total confectionery in the market share. Halls is the largest brands in candy of Cadbury. Cadbury have number one and number two confectionery market position in 20 of the world’s 50 largest confectionery markets by retail sales value. Financial statement The graph shows the financial situation of Cadbury from 2006 to 2009. As we can see in the graph, the revenue is reached  ¿Ã‚ ¡5975 million is year 2009 which is slightly increase about 5% from year 2008. In operating income, year 2009 is the highest compare to previous year which is  ¿Ã‚ ¡507 million. Last but not least, year 2009 having 9% of the operating margin which is slightly increase from year 2008. As a conclusion, In year 2009, the performance is pretty well compare to the previous year due to there a keep increase since year 2006 to 2009.

Channel conflict and resolution paper Assignment

Channel conflict and resolution paper - Assignment Example The emergence of electronic commerce has resulted in new business models that proffer marketers with opportunities such as access to diverse markets and reduced business expenses. E-commerce also comes with a bunch of challenges such as channel conflict in many businesses to date (Webb 96). The manner in which a business manages the aforesaid channel conflict is a pertinent aspect in its success. A marketing channel is a set of mutually dependent firms engaged delivering a product or service. Multiple channels arise when a company employs separate channels to sell the same products to markets differing in some important way. A multichannel conflict occurs when the producer/ manufacturer have established two or more different channels to sell the product to the same target market. For illustration, a motor company may have its own retail showroom, authorized dealers, and also sells online. Sometimes, the middlemen come in conflict with the manufacturer, employing both direct and indir ect channels of distribution. Such a conflict is known as the multichannel level conflict. A conflict may arise when a producer’s franchise prices its products lower than the middlemen, wholesaler or dealer. Conflicts can also arise when a producer sells a larger range of products through its own outlet than through the wholesaler or retailers (Webb 98). This discussion explores the role that suppliers play in managing conflicts between multiple channels. Suppliers can employ the marketing mix variables to manage multichannel conflict. Pricing Price is one of the prominent factor in which the most channel conflict is generated. Intermediaries closely watch what manufacturers or producers do through the online channel of distribution. Intermediaries express concerns regarding producers’ site and interpret it as a move to lessen their role with the customer. As a result, suppliers have started acknowledging that their channel partners will see and react to everything the y put on the internet. In order to reduce conflicts, suppliers have chosen not to place and offer discounts on the internet in a bid to reduce price related conflicts (Brennan,  Canning,  and McDowell, 316). Distribution An internet channel of distribution has a key limitation in that it does not have the ability to offer physical delivery of tangible products. Suppliers work in conjunction with other channel partners to carry out the fulfillment role of orders placed on the internet. For illustration, HP employs this aspect of involving channel partners to drive its online sales efforts. By involving other channel partners in the sale serves to manage and avoid cannibalization the channel. In addition, by involving channel partners, suppliers build trust and cooperation between the intermediaries and prevent unwarranted channel conflicts (Webb, 100). Promotion Promotion entails persuading customers to purchase a product. An internet channel of distribution gives suppliers a fav orable opportunity to promote their product offering directly to the end users. However, in order to avoid conflicts with other channels of distribution, suppliers are cautious on providing detailed product information along with search engines (Saxena 463). However, they choose not to accept orders online. Moreover, suppliers actively promote their channel partners on their websites, as well as permitting them to place their own adverts. Product Suppliers also manage their online product offering in a

Creation vs. Evolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Creation vs. Evolution - Essay Example The design of the world demonstrates that there should be the designer and the humans are the key source of information to support this idea. The first movements in favor of creationism were defined as American Fundamentalist Protestantism. They started early in the nineteenth century as an opposition to the theories of Charles Darwin. His theories were perceived as a direct threat to the Biblical writings and were thought to lead to the moral decay. The movement re-appeared in the after World War I period and creationists demanded the passage of the law to prohibit public school instruction about Darwin's evolution (Larson, 19). The manifestation of the movement in favor of creationism was the famous Monkey Trial (Scopes v State, 1927). It was the first time the evolution-creation arguments were presented in the court. The ruling was against the biology teacher who was convicted in teaching evolutionism. For the next 20 years, scientists have failed to provide enough arguments to gain the dominance in the court. As the result, publishers of the biology books have taken out all of the information about evolution, Darwin's theory was not taught at schools, and even the name of the theory was avoided. However, after the Soviet Union has launched its first satellite in 1957 the evolutionists awaked and managed to pass the National Defense Education Act (1959) under which the Biological Sciences with chapters on evolution and Darwin's theory were placed in the books again. Moreover, the teacher Susan Epperson has appealed to the court with the request to turn down the ruling in Scopes v State. In the case Epperson v. Arkansas the court has ruled in favour of evolution. The ruling was based on the idea that prohibiting teachers from teaching the theory of evolution (doctrine that man ascended from the lower order animals) and exclusion of the textbooks containing chapters on the theory was unlawful (Gilkey, 48). The fact that the theory of evolution has contradicted the belief in the lines written in the Book of Genesis does not make the Bible the exclusive source of doctrine on the origin of human kind. In addition, the First Amendment prohibits the requirement to teach subjects of any religious dogmas in public schools. However, it is important to understand that students should be aware about the evolution theory of Darwin as well as about the Biblical version of creation. The question is not whether or not evolution should be taught at school, but rather which story has valid basis. As the result, the creationists have succeeded in requiring the equal time for Biblical and scientific studies. Interestingly, until the passage of Arkansas Act 590 named "Balanced Treatment for Creation - Science and Evolution- Science Act" the definitions of creation and evolution have never been referred to. Paul Ellwanger, the head of the Citizens for Fairness in Education, has provided both definitions. Thus, the creation -science is scientific

Diversity Organizations Essay Example for Free

Diversity Organizations Essay For years throughout U.S. history women were not afforded the same rights that men were. Throughout history women were thought of being intellectually inferior to men and a source of evil and temptation (Womens International Center, 1994). In early America women were not allowed to vote or work outside of their home and were ridiculed when they did. It was the culture of early America that women were to remain behind the men being in a supportive role but not to voice their opinions. Through much suffrage, it was not until 1848 that the women’s movement came to its beginnings. Focusing on the social, civil, and religious condition and rights women at the Seneca Falls Convention in New York began to express their rights and wants. Headed by Elizabeth C. Stanton and Lucretia Mott, it marked a new era for women in the United States. While the right for equality continued and the creation of the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) by Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, it brought opposition of the 14th and 15th Amendments (extending citizenship rights and granting voting rights to freedmen) due to its exclusion of women (U.S. Office of Art Archives, n.d.). By the 1920’s the struggle for equality was answered and the status of women had grown. On August 18, 1920, the right to vote was ratified by the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution affording the right to vote for women. Today, women throughout the U.S. still fight for woman equality through established organizations. The National Organization for Women (a major source of protection on workplace equality and reproductive rights) has been at the forefront in support of women. With the assistance of so many organizations in the fight for women’s rights, that statuses of women are equally more today than that of years passed. Status of women in United States history today The role and status of women has drastically changed throughout the decades. Women have taken a more responsible role outside of the home in joining the  workforce. From being one-third of the workforce in the late 60’s, they make up more than half of the force in the U.S. today. According to Center for American Progress (2014), women have also gained a considerable role within politics in the country with record numbers serving in congress (para. 1). With the fight to end gender discrimination by big insurance companies, women have solidified their economic security. Constructions of masculinity and femininity seen in society and media As American culture continuously evolves, so do the lines of male and female roles and functions. Society’s view of masculine and feminine roles has become embedded in the minds of people. From an employment standpoint, society views for example that doctors and lawyers are one of a masculine role whereas nurses, teachers or social workers would be more of a feminine role. The media’s portrayal is just as bias to the constructions of masculinity and femininity. An example in modern media would be that tattoos and a considerable amount of muscle mass would be viewed as one of a masculine trait. More often the depictions are movies; music videos and even in magazines. The role of a homemaker has been viewed for example as one of a feminine role. Although the depictions are in the mainstream, it has been a barrier broken down by both men and women taking on varied diverse roles. Status of GLBT people historically The GLBT community, throughout history has faced much discrimination and prejudice. The GLBT community has had it hurdles of being socially acceptable and still does today. In the United States, members of the GLBT community historically were a cultural minority. Through much oppression, the gay liberation movement of the 1970’s brought forth pride marches every June in the United States. During the 80’s socially the status of the GLBT community was decimated by the AIDS epidemic. This led to fear and ridicule being described as the, â€Å"Gay Man’s Cancer†. There has never been a more separation of social status with any other community than of the GLBT community. Status of GLBT people today Although America is widely divided today attitudes are changing rapidly in acceptance of gays and lesbians. With the growing approval of same-sex marriage, basic civil liberties and freedom of expression for the GLBT  community, the trend of greater tolerance is growing. Over the last two decades, same-sex marriage has risen in support with 11% approval in 1988 to 46% approval and rising today. The status of patriotism and service of GLBT members in uniform in the past resulted in the uncomfortable compromise of â€Å"Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell† (Morris, PhD, 2014). This crusade like movement ultimately abolished decades of military forms of discrimination and dishonorable discharges. Although there are a great many that seek to dissolve, it creates an opposition between both the hetero and homosexual communities. Social and political issues relevant to women and GLBT people in the U.S A political issue relevant to women would be health care reform. With the Affordable Care Act it provides advances for the women’s health issues. The current pending case on contraceptive insurance coverage is an endless debate women’s rights and health. An extraordinary and yet accomplished issue for the GLBT community is the recent strike down of Arkansas 2004 amendment prohibiting same sex marriage (Volsky, 2014). The original ban was in violation of the state constitution and the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. References Womens International Center. (1994). Womens History in America. Retrieved from http://www.wic.org/misc/history.htm U.S. Office of Art Archives. (n.d.). The Women’s Rights Movement, 1848–1920. Retrieved from http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/WIC/Historical-Essays/No-Lady/Womens-Rights/ Rainbo Organization. (2009). Organizations Fight for Womens Rights. Retrieved from http://www.rainbo.org/organizations-fight-for-womens-rights/ Sewall-Belmont House Museum. (n.d.). Womens History in the U.S. Retrieved from http://www.sewallbelmont.org/learn/womens-history-in-the-u-s/ Bader, E. J. (2014). Reproductive Justice and Womens Equality: There is Some Good News!. Retrieved from http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/23588-reproductive-justice-and-womens-equality-there-is-some-good-news Volsky, Igor. (2014). Judge Strikes Down Arkansas’ Same-Sex Marriage Ban. Retrieved from http://thinkprogress.org/lgbt/2014/05/09/3436443/judge-invalidates-arkansas-b an-against-same-sex-marriage/ Morris, PhD, B. J. (2014). History of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual Social Movements. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/history.aspx Associate Program Material Diversity Organizations Worksheet Search the Internet for information related to the following: Women’s rights organizations Equality organizations Gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (GLBT) rights organizations Note. You may also refer to the Internet Resource Directory of Racial and Ethnic Groups. Complete the following table with notes and thoughts related to your findings: Site Thoughts/Notes Ford Foundation (http://www.fordfoundation.org) Supports inequality discrimination Network building for women human rights organizations against discrimination inequality Equality Now (http://www.equalitynow.org) campaigns to raise awareness by highlighting individual cases of pervasive and severe violations against women and girls calls for the repeal of all laws that discriminate against women in accordance with international and regional human rights standards Human Rights Campaign (http://www.hrc.org/) organization working to achieve equality for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender Americans represents a force of more than 1.5 million members and supporters nationwide mobilizes grassroots actions in diverse communities invests strategically to elect fair-minded individuals to office and educates the public about LGBT issues. Use your notes to aid in your responses to the questions below. You may need additional resources from the University Library to complete this activity. Write a 750 to 1,050- word paper answering the following questions: What has been the status of women in the United States throughout history? What is the status of women in the U.S. today? What are some examples of concepts or constructions of masculinity and femininity that you see in society and in media? Historically, what has been the social status of GLBT people? What is the status of GLBT people in the U.S. today? What are some social and political issues relevant to women and GLBT people in the U.S.? Provide citations for all the sources you use. Submit this Diversity Organizations worksheet and your paper as instructed by your facilitator.

The Physics of Judo Essay -- Martial Arts Judo Physics Essays

The Physics of Judo Judo is a martial art that is centered around physics. Even just the concept of throwing somebody is physics. To practice judo and not have a basic knowledge of physics is insane considering that physics is what makes judo possible. Judo is sport that consist of throws, take downs and over all control. Judo without physics is like have a sandwich with just bread, you don’t get much out of it. To understand how physics comes into play with judo we must start with Newton’s laws of motion. â€Å"Newton’s first law: law of inertia, a net or unbalanced force is needed to change the state of motion of and object. In a judo match, two players try to throw each other by first off-balancing the other player, the fitting their body into a position underneath their opponent for a throw, and finally throwing their opponent squarely on their back. The key to throwing the other player in the off-balance. Without first off-balancing your opponent, your chance of successfully completing a throw are slim. You’re also asking to be countered if you don’t off-balance first.†(1) â€Å"The first law of motion is important if you want to successfully throw your opponent in a match. For instance, suppose your opponent makes a move to his right in order to make you move to you left. In the instance that you are moving, you’re temporarily off-balanced. Rather than letting your opponent keep control of the situation you and take advantage of his motion by using Newton’s first law. In this scenario, the statement â€Å"an object in motion will stay in motion† applies. As he is in motion you quickly turn into your opponent enabling you to lift him up with your hips and throw him.†(1) â€Å"Newton’s second law: F=ma, the acceleration of a b... ...other example would be be if he took a step larger than he normally would. While his foot is still in motion, you sweep his foot in the direction of his advance. In doing this, he will drop because gravity will be acting directly on him in downwards direction.†(2) Judo is a martial art that relies on physics to achieve its goals and without physics it would not exist. Everything that judo does consists of physics, such as getting your opponent off-balance, using their momentum to get your opponent moving and using gravity to pull them to the ground. Work Cited 1.Internet Source: http://members.tripod.com/~HappyClould/newton.html 2.Internet Source: http://members.tripod.com/~HappyClould/gravity.html 3.Internet Source: http://members.tripod.com/~HappyClould/momentum.html 4.Physics a world view, fourth edition. Kirkpatrick and Wheeler: copyright 2001

Eastman Kodak Marketing Strategy Essay

Q1. Summarize the market characteristics and trends. In the photo film market the major suppliers were Kodak, Fuji, Agfa and 3M. Fuji and Kodak sold only branded product whereas Agfa and 3M sold their film as branded product as well as to other firms in private label. Total Market In 1993 the total market was around 670 million 24 – exposure rolls. Typically a consumer paid between $2.5 and $3.5 for a 24 exposure rolls. So in average they used to pay $3 for a 24 exposure roll. So Total Market = 670million * 3=2 billion Market Share The market within USA was monopoly as Kodak’s market share was about 70%. But worldwide, the market was competitive. Fuji was a strong competitor in worldwide sales (Fuji -$10 billion, Kodak – $20 billion). Appendix A depicts the unit market share of Kodak in U.S. Market Growth The market’s annual unit growth rate was averaged only 2%. So this is basically a fully developed mature market. We can categorize this market as Cash Cow according to the BCG growth share matrix. The annua l growth of Kodak had been only 3%which is much lesser in compare to the rivals. Appendix B depicts the annual growth rate of different companies. Consumer Information Consumer were less educated about the technical aspects of film and view it as a commodity often focusing on price alone to purchase. Appendix C depicts the graph showing the consumer buying pattern trend. Price Tier Based on the price tiers there were multiple category of brands (i.e. Superpremium, Premium Economy & Price) available in the market. Appendix D depicts the price tier ranges. Superpremium brands were not the major sellers . For Premium products of Kodak, the gross margin was approximately 70%.It seems that Kodak implemented market skimming price strategy to handle Premium products. Fuji’s gross margin was about 55% for the economy brands. The margin of  Price product was lower. This lower price brand was targeted towards the segment of customers where consumers were less educated about photography and focused on price alone to purchase. Appendix E depicts the different distribution channel of the overall photo film market. Q4. Considering introduction of Funtime and ignoring Royal Gold, calculate the market shares of Funtime and Gold Plus that would make Kodak indifferent to introduce Funtime or take no action. Evaluate how realistic it is to improve profits with introduction of Funtime taking into account the existing market segments and plausible competitive reaction. Reasons for failure of Funtime The first problem is that they plan not to advertise. This seems to be a mistake because funtime is a new product for the consumers. Consumers need to be educated that they have a new product offering and they need to know what the value proposition is. However, if there is no education of the product, which could lead to consumers to believe that Kodak is offering less quality for their existing products, rather than rolling out a new lower price alternative. In case of failure of the funtime, Kodak Gold and Royal Gold would be able to maintain the same share of the market currently because of brand Loyalty and separate segment of customers targeted. The extra expenses done (packaging, features, styling) to release this product would be a loss for Kodak. But in the near future as the price sensitive customer segment remained unserved by Kodak and growth in private label film activity will decrease the market share of Kodak. Reasons for Success of Funtime and side effects on the market shares Making a move to enter the Economy Tier is a smart play for Kodak. The market appears to be heading toward price being the most important dimension for consumer. So the customer segment who tend to view film as a commodity and often buy on price alone (Price Sensitive Customer Segment) is the main target of funtime. A few of their ideas seem to make sense: For instance, it is probably a good idea they only offer limited speeds. This would probably be sufficient for consumers who are buying in this tier. Also, making them available in value packs seems like a good idea because they will be able to sell more units (rolls) of film this way. Positive Side effects and Market Share: If launching funtime is successful then the market share of Kodak Gold would  remain the same because of its loyalty and brand, Ektar market share will be converted to Royal gold share because of its special segment offering (special occasion) and finally funtime will be able to target the price sensitive segment .As a result the market share of Kodak should be restored back to 75% or more in the upcoming years. As shown in exhibit 2 there would be definite loss of revenue of Fuji and Others. Polaroid and Private market share will remain unaffected as they are out of scope market for Kodak. Negative Side effects and Market Share:Now there are few major drawbacks. As the offer is limited throughout the year consumers may just wait until that time of year to buy fun time film instead of buying their other Kodak products that are available year round. This can cannibalize Kodak’s Gold Plus market share in premium category. Kodak Gold Plus was the flagship brand of Kodak and Kodak’s gross margins were believed to be about 70%.So if the market share of Kodak Gold Plus reduces it may lead to huge loss for Kodak as a whole. As shown in Exhibit 2 though the market share of funtime has increased and it has snatched 5% (Fuji + others) from competitors but it has also capability to cannibalize the market share of Gold Plus which can reduce 10% or more. Like Kodak Gold Plus if we keep the same assumption that the gross profit margin is 70%, retailer’s margin is 20% for funtime then we will be able to see (Exhibit 1) that the profit earned for Kodak Gold plus is $0.39 per unit. Exhibit 3 shows that the total revenue from market has been (1777 – 1692) =85 million dollars It can also be stated that as being limited throughout the year the market growth of fun time will be very less. Also lowering industry profitability by reducing average price of film would keep the customer expectation of lo wer prices in the future product release.

Acting Under Pressure Essay

Some of the professionals or even not yet professionals may face many psychological pressures often without people or resources to turn to for support, or the knowledge and skills to effectively manage these pressures. A great mind being an optimistic can help you a lot in terms of handling these pressures for you to be able to work properly. In contrast with this, a pessimistic mind will lead you no way. Leaders who want to establish a practice of positive workplace within their organizations should develop written ethics standards, provide ethics training, and ensure resources are available for employees in need of some proper advice. According to the internet, Management accounting or managerial accounting is concerned with the provisions and use of accounting information to managers within organizations, to provide them with the basis to make informed business decisions that will allow them to be better equipped in their management and control functions. Those taking this specific subject may face different challenges along the way. In the given data of Institute of Management Accountants, enumerated countries have its own challenges yet it is included with solutions in order to minimize those given challenges. Below are the countries given together with its challenges in the workplace plus the way on how do they resolve those cases. UNITED KINGDOM. One of the challenges faced by the management accountants is limited funding of public money and potentially high penalties if a project failed to be delivered on time. In order to resolve this problem, management accountants should need to ponder how this was being allocated because it can be a threat to year end reporting and matching progress to the budget. To avoid penalties and to adopt with tight timelines, safety and quality issues and working hours should need to be kept in check. Moreover, another challenge faced by management accountants is intense pressure to win a contract. In line with this, management accountants need to confirm that no conflict of interest from the outset and that governance and checks for the awarding of contracts were in place. Also, there must be a regular review of relationships with contractors as well as offers and acceptance of hospitality. Management accountants should use not only her organization’s governance and ethical guidelines and policies but also be guided by the CIMA code of ethics and seek support from her reporting line and senior management. In line with this, management accountants should create relationships with his/her team as well as line managers to enable his/her to influence associates, and to become familiar with the key contacts in the audit or ethics committee to escalate issues by means of asking perceptive and examining questions, encouraging discussions and resolving issues. SRI LANKA. Another challenges faced by management accountants were issues related to the quality of supplies and raw materials in its strict deadlines and fixed budgets because there may be inadequate transparency in the supplier screening process and incentives used to keep things to time. As a management accountant, regular quality checks will help him/her to draw up a policy framework with expected issues with the team, like considering time plans for projects. Also, confidential whistleblowing line of that management will act on. SOUTH AFRICA. Most companies in South Africa are challenged by the pressure brought about by the competitive setting of the business world. Since companies were focused on being the one top, the workforce especially management accountants were pressured to meet the company’s objectives, mainly in meeting the deadlines. Without a proper application of managerial skills and having a harmonious relationship within the management it may be hard for the management accountants to provide accurate and well-articulated information to the managers. Building and strengthening the commitment of every employee is one good solution and it is done by having regular meetings, raising best practice, and sharing knowledge. Build relationship not only with legal departments but also with technical departments in order to extract every details or information needed to provide the best information and precise data for the managers to have an enhanced management of the company. PAKISTAN. In Pakistan, working on demanding deadlines and strict budgets are the main problems/challenges faced by many management accountants. Inducement is commonly observed in order to meet deadlines leading to falsifying records and providing unreliable valuations. For that reason, risk assessment should always be done and a â€Å"highlight to ETHICAL CONDUCT should be observed†. Management accountants should ensure that all requirements are met and have a healthy communication not only with the management but also with external stakeholders to engage them properly. MALAYSIA. In Malaysia, the problems or challenges faced by management accountants were related in the threats of breaching the confidentiality of information and interest of a company. Other problems that management accountants were facing include labor rights, safety and quality issue. Management accountants should keep the customer’s expectation to their product or service to meet up their company’s objectives and goals. To solve these problems management accountants should think about the risk if they were threatened to breach the confidentiality of information of a company. They should also investigate if there were hidden expenses, asset under/over valuation and improper profit recognition. Management accountants have a vital role to play of having a good company especially if they understand professional ethics. They should also give incentives to their employees so they can work harder and it is the key to maintain or improve customer relationship. Management accountant sh ould also go under training and seminars about ethical values of organization.

Economy of Malaysia Essay Example

Economy of Malaysia Essay Example Economy of Malaysia Essay Economy of Malaysia Essay But subsidies are essential, and has always been so to ensure the survival of all persons in Malaysia especially those from the lower-incomes groups including the middle class. The plan of removing subsidies and using the money saved to channel financial assistance directly to the poor is being now thrown around. But alas, this really will not work given the rise of corruption and discrimination in Malaysia. Even today, there are many complaints that the NOUN-led BAN government discriminates against persons belonging to (or alleged to be supporters of) other Opposition parties/persons. Connections are important in Malaysia when it comes to receiving benefits and opportunities, and that is why it is best to Just maintain subsidies for all essential items that affect survival and normal day living of all Malaysian. Remember, subsidies are only for the basic needs. With the opening of markets, and the entry of foreign companies this will mean that the Malaysian government money may have to be given to these foreign companies as subsidies to maintain the low prices that people In Malaysia pays. Why pay the foreign companies? Because there Is no choice for Just paying local rent service/material providers as this would be a violation of the free trade equal competition requirement. Today, subsidies with regard to electricity Is paid to Teenage but when another foreign utilities company comes In, then that company too will have to be paid subsidies. Whose fault? The NOUN-led BAN government but we have to pay for Its mistakes In the past today and tomorrow. Subsidy, at best, Is a poor mechanism to make food/fuel/services affordable to the less fortunate. Because of the nature of goods and services being subsidized, preventing subsidy reaching the wrong hands Is difficult. Put It another way, getting subsidy to be enjoyed by the target people Is tough because these goods and services are consumed widely. Besides, subsidy often create distortions In a market- driven economy giving the false Impression that the cost of production Is low. Hence, subsidy should be given out to specific deserving Individuals through a concession system on selected goods and services (such as medicine, public services). A better form of assistance to deserving citizens Is through financial assistance paid according to needs. The people of a country must learn how to live according to oral prices and this will make It more In tune with global competition. Economics By Yakima as subsidies to maintain the low prices that people in Malaysia pays. Why pay the foreign companies? Because there is no choice for Just paying local equal competition requirement. Today, subsidies with regard to electricity is paid to Teenage but when another foreign utilities company comes in, then that company we have to pay for its mistakes in the past today and tomorrow. *Subsidy, at best, is a poor mechanism to make food/fuel/services affordable to the preventing subsidy reaching the wrong hands is difficult. Put it another way, getting subsidy to be enjoyed by the target people is tough because these goods and services are consumed widely. Besides, subsidy often create distortions in a market- driven economy giving the false impression that the cost of production is low. Hence, subsidy should be given out to specific deserving individuals through a concession system on selected goods and services (such as medicine, public services). A better form of assistance to deserving citizens is through financial assistance paid world prices and this will make it more in tune with global competition.

SERVICE CHARTERS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

SERVICE CHARTERS - Essay Example In this regard, a service charter is an undertaking that is being made to the stakeholders regarding the services they should expect form to be accorded within the authority in its mandate discharge. The principal aim of a service charter is bring out awareness to the public on the roles of the authority, core activities, and values of the authority, provision of the necessary information on the services range that they offer and the standards that have been set. The service charter also informs on what the stake holders should expect for the authority, remedy avenues should the services fall short of the expected standards, and building confidence onto the public that they are striving to excellence about their provision of the services. With the listed information that is provided within the service charter, it is construable that it is a working tool that is designed to facilitate better understanding regarding the kind of services offered by an authority and put the interests of the stakeholders and the authority at the forefront. For better consideration of the service charter, it should work in tandem with other legal requirements that are enacted time to time to facilitate achievement of expectations. Several countries have come up with different service charters in the various sectors that link them to the stakeholders for the services the public should expect from them. In this essay, I have chosen to consider the service charter in Australia with reference to the Australian Federal police as an authority. This paper considers the Australian Federal police charter, the resolution to this authority is informed by the fact that is has faced several challenges in its implementation of the services to the public. The Australian Federal Police have been faced with ever changing tact if crimes including terrorism, cyber-crime, and sexual servitude among other kinds of crimes that they endeavour to fight. In response to this, they developed a service charter that informs the public of their services and how they can cooperate with the public in the fight about crimes. Development of the Charter The motivating factor for the country and specifically the authority to come up with the Australian Federal Police (AFP) service charter is because of the changing environment of the crimes. Crimes have mutated into some more dormant aspect that without a keen interest on their mitigation, it is impossible to realize their occurrence. In this reference, AFP has responded swiftly in putting structures that will keep such crimes a t a bay and to ensure that there is the much-needed cooperation from the public (Ellison, 2000). The authority has made it possible to develop a service charter that clearly stipulates their responsibilities and how they intend to fight the crimes that in the last decades have changed tact. The charter is developed due to the challenges that the AFP has been facing in containing such crimes as counter terrorism, sexual se rvitude, and human trafficking. The authority has also put a spirited fight against cyber-crime, protection, as well as peace operations. The fight against crime for this matter has reached transnational level and the authority is keen in ensuring that it triumphs in mitigating the consequences of crime across their boarders (Ellison, 2000). In pursuit of the implementation of the challenges, AFP in addition to the service charter has also implemented a new organizational structure that is to facilitate a high coordination internally and

Impact of hyperinflation on investors and ordinary citizens Essay - 1

Impact of hyperinflation on investors and ordinary citizens - Essay Example or collection of data and determination of the process for analysing the accumulated data and information in order to arrive at a realistic solution of the research problem (Alexander and Dhumale, 2012). Such research methodology will be framed on the basis of the theoretical framework and ongoing economic circumstances in Zimbabwe. Research philosophy strikes an association between the theoretical aspects of the study with its practical exposure. Therefore, selection of appropriate research philosophy holds utmost importance for the successful completion of a research work. According to Alexander and Dhumale (2012), in order to derive the best research philosophy, its three distinct attributes should be analysed, such as; ontology, epistemology and axiology. The concept of ontology deals with realism and thus, it tends to analyse the social entities and social variables associated with the research objective so that research outcome becomes highly correlated with the practical world. Epistemology concentrates on the study of knowledge and attempts to apply the conjectural aspect for understanding the real world situation. Finally, axiology indicates the importance of value judgements (Alexander and Dhumale, 2012). As this particular research is conducted for academic purpose, epistemology is considered to be the most relevant philosophy for analysing the impact of hyperinflation on the general inhabitants of Zimbabwe. Under the research epistemology, interpretative research paradigm will be adopted. Excellence of interpretative research philosophy is reflected in its ability to study the accumulated data and information explicitly and interpret the inherent implications of such theoretical information as well as the underlying the responses of the selected sample group accordingly, through application of the credible knowledge level (Maxwell, 2012). Research approach aids the researcher to precede the research work in a comprehensive manner. Conventional

The events that produced the modern Civil Rights Movement Essay

The events that produced the modern Civil Rights Movement - Essay Example The case has never been perfectly clear, but it seems that Till had told several of his African-American friends in Mississippi that back home in Chicago he had a white girlfriend - they did not believe him and so dared him to speak to a white woman while out in public. Whether Till actually spoke, or whether he whistled at a married white woman while in a grocery store in unclear, but the repercussions are unambiguous (Ownby 151). The boy was murdered because of his apparent audacity in addressing a white woman, and the death shocked people all over the country. Mere months later, Rosa Parks found lasting fame and reverence because of her refusal to give up her seat on a city bus to a white passenger. At this time, segregation existed on buses and an African-American was not allowed to take the front seat of a bus, particularly if there was a white passenger who needed to sit down. Parks' civil disobedience led to the formation of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which lasted for months and ultimately culminated in the 1956 decision of Alabama courts to rule that bus segregation is unconstitutional. Parks was always the first to downplay her role in the modern civil rights movement, but the truth is that her disregard for discriminatory practices influenced the entire African-American population to rethink their own attitudes towards segregation and low social standing (Burns 87-90). Following the murder of Emmitt Till, African-Americans were, on the whole, very angry, frightened and confused about what steps needed to be taken to ensure their f uture safety and success in the nation. Rosa Parks unwittingly gave all these disenfranchised people a look at how simple individual protest could be used to really make a difference where it mattered the most. The Montgomery Bus Boycott not only influenced a nation, but it specifically had a great effect on someone who would prove to be an invaluable member of the modern civil rights movement: Martin Luther King Jr. King Jr. took a leadership role in the Bus Boycott and from this starting point became an omnipresent figure in most aspects of the African-American civil rights movement in America. His most famed contribution to the movement was his "I Have a Dream" speech, delivered in 1963 during the March on Washington. King envisioned a time when society would welcome its diverse people together as one, treat every person as both an individual and an equal, and put an end to discrimination and segregation laws in America and worldwide (Ralph Jr. 29-36). The ideals and actions of Martin Luther King Jr. were essentially fundamental to the modern civil rights movement and because of this, African-Americans were ultimately inspired to take up the causes he fought for after he was murdered in Tennessee in 1968. The death of this great leader of the civil rights movement was a great shock to the entire country, but it was in many ways the final catalyst that African-Americans needed to realize that enough was enough in terms of discrimination and

Civil Right Act of 1964 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Civil Right Act of 1964 - Essay Example The country has literally shed blood of innocent civilians to fight for few basic rights that are God-given. Racism and prejudice are clearly present through Terkel’s narration of Ellis as he projects his emotional level of prejudice, his self-justification, and his displaced aggression. In order to combat this racism, the Civil Rights act has become a hallmark to combat this disease and to propagate for reform. The Civil War serves as a crucial testament towards the self-proclaimed status of America, a nation in which freedom and liberty can be celebrated. Nonetheless, the nation has struggled to grant the idea of equality throughout history. What was ironic was the fact that the efforts of black soldiers during the World War II is taken for granted. All enlisted men ninety-first division were Negroes and that became controversial for many factors. First and foremost was the fact that all the men enlisted in this division were poor black individuals, who were illiterate and l abor workers. They possessed no official military training and were up against an army which had prior experience. The division possessed around 600 military black officers, most of them which came from the Southern states. The 92nd Division comprised of 12,000 officers, in which 200 of them were white and 600 black officers. A major flaw that plagued this division was the fact that racial and prejudice haunted the infantry. The whole experience for these black men was bitter sweet as no chance of error was given to these men. Any training mistakes would be overblown by the media as the reports went back across the nation initiating a scream of hatred and racism. In essence, there was no respect for these brave warriors who were putting their lives in the front lines for their country. Without a doubt, it was unfortunate that these same men were living under the Jim Crow laws. One of the main concepts of prejudice and racism that is outlined in Ellis’s narration is his level of prejudice that is prevalent throughout his life. Vincent Parillo, author of Causes of Prejudices questions the whole essence of social categories of racism, which is then depicted in Terkel’s work. When people are nurtured in an environment where they are biased culturally against a group of individuals; they naturally assume that those views are correct. This can be no doubt detrimental as these perspectives are embraced and become the foundation for hatred. Prejudicial attitudes are prevalent amongst many groups and are a key catalyst towards conducing hatred. The Jim Crow laws that plagued the United States of America during the 1890’s was the clear illustration of the unfortunate reality that degraded the citizenship rights of African Americans. The racial segregation that was dominant in southern states was due to factual legislation that the state government imposed. The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson, which clearly gave a mandate of â€Å"separ ate but equal facilities† added more gasoline to the fire. It undoubtedly hindered growth for adequate economic opportunity and give rise to hatred groups such as the KKK. Without a doubt, legislative achievements

Rabbit Proof Fence Film Analysis

Rabbit Proof Fence Film Analysis Mahealani Subad When watching films that are based on true stories, the storyline is more sentimental to the audience as they realise that an individuals life is being presented to them. The movie, Rabbit-Proof Fence (Noyce et al. 2003), is based upon the lives of three mixed-race Australian Indigenous girls who were taken from their families and placed in a camp called the Moore River Native Settlement in 1931. Knowing that the interpretation from non-Indigenous people may lead towards the misrepresentations of Indigenous culture, Rabbit-Proof Fence captures the realities of the mistreatment Indigenous people throughout history. The film also captures the identity of indigenous people as the filmmakers took careful consideration into producing the film, such as casting Australian Indigenous actors and being mindful of the storyline they are telling throughout the film. In the beginning of the film, the filmmakers presented brief information about an act made in Australia called the Aborigines Act of 1905 (Noyce et al. 2003). The Aborigines Act 1905 allowed for the government to authorize forcible removal of aboriginal or half-caste children for beneficial reasons such as to provide protection and/or care (Aborigines Act 1905). As the film continues, the three young female protagonists Molly, Daisy, and Gracie are seen interacting with their family speaking in their native language, Marduwangka (Quin 2002). However, the government has authorized for the removal of the girls and are to be placed in Moore River Native Settlement. In the scene where the girls are taken away by their mother and grandmother had a very emotional impact, especially on myself. The emotions on the mother and grandmothers face is heart breaking as they plead for the officer not to take them. However, what made it emotional for myself is seeing the mother trying to run after t he girls when they are driven away from their home, mourning the loss of their children as they lay on the ground crying, while the grandmother shows emotion of remorse and blame as she is seen hitting herself on the head with a rock. The impact of witnessing the government forcibly removing Indigenous children being taken away taken away from their family, it creates a new perspective for an audience to view Indigenous culture as it brought attention to viewers of the realities of the treatment Indigenous people struggled through during this time period. Addition to capturing the realities of the mistreatment Indigenous people experienced, the production of the film made an impression that allowed Indigenous identity to be shown. The films storyline was inspired and based on the novel, Follow the Rabbit-Proof Fence, written by Doris Pilkington, in which, was based on Pilkingtons mother, Molly Kelly, who had escaped Moore River Native Settlement, along with her sister Daisy and cousin Gracie, who had walked over 40 miles to return home (Quin 2002). As Pilkington published her mothers story and production for the film had began, the screenwriter, Christine Olsen, and director, Phillip Noyce, had done intensive research and work to produce the story of properly. The screen writing process became a collaboration between Olsen and Pilkington, as Olsen traveled to Jigalong with Pilkington who introduced her to Molly and Daisy in attempt to perfect the script in order to tell their story correctly (Quin 2002). As for directing, Olsen wanted Noyce to direct her screenplay as one film in particular that Noyce directed called, Backroads, caught her attention, in which, she stated, [H]e treated the Aboriginal people as people, nothing more, nothing less (Quin 2002). This quote and Olsens research into attempting to perfect the script stood out in my opinion as they took into consideration of how the community of Indigenous people felt when producing this film. Unlike film production such as The Ridiculous Six, in which, insulted Indigenous actors from the misinterpretations of Apache culture (Shilling 20115). Although the film was to be a satirical comedy, the filmmakers ignored the actors concerns for the offensive jokes stating, If you guys are so sensitive, you should leave (Shilling 2015). In producing a film that presents a culture, whether if it is Indigenous culture or not, there must be a collaboration between the filmmakers and a representative of someone from that culture to gain an accurate presentation of the culture. Misrepresentations of cultures can lead into stereotyping the culture as that is what is being portrayed to audiences who have no prior knowledge of the culture being portrayed to them. With the film facing the realities of the mistreatment Indigenous people experienced to collaborating with the Indigenous community to present this film, Rabbit-Proof Fence, I believe was a well represented film that brought up an issue within history that many people did not know of. In comparison to Canadian Indigenous people, the Aborigine Act 1905 resembled a law in Canada that allowed the Canadian government to establish the Indian Residential School System to force Indigenous families to send their children to these schools in order to civilize the children into Canadian society (Elias et al. 2012). Although Rabbit-Proof Fence depicted a successful escape made by Molly and her sister from Moore River Settlement, the realities of removing Indigenous children from their families had a traumatic experience. For those who were residential school survivors, they had formed a legacy of alcohol and drug abuse problems, feelings of hopelessness, dependency, isolation, low self-esteem, suicide behaviours, prostitution, gambling, homelessness, sexual abuse, and violence (Elias et al. 2012). Knowledge of the residential schools in Canada are not taught or exposed as it is apart of history that the Canadian government is trying to diminish. For which, in my opinion, the government should require the school curriculum to teach about indigenous studies and the history about them to have future generation know of the real representations of Indigenous people and their culture, instead of learning from stereotypes through different forms of media. Bibliography Aborigines Act 1905 (1906 1964). Aborigines Act 1905 Legislation Find Connect Western Australia. Accessed January 25, 2017. https://www.findandconnect.gov.au/ref/wa/biogs/WE00406b.htm. Elias, Mignone, Hall, Hong, Hart, and Sareen. Trauma and Suicide Behaviour Histories among a Canadian Indigenous Population: An Empirical Exploration of the Potential Role of Canadas Residential School System. Social Science Medicine 74, no. 10 (2012): 1560-569. Noyce, Phillip, Christine Olsen, John Winter, Everlyn Sampi, Tianna Sansbury, Laura Monaghan, Gulpilil, et al. 2003. Rabbit-Proof Fence. [United States]: Miramax Home Entertainment. Pilkington, Doris. Follow the rabbit-proof fence. St. Lucia, Qld.: University of Queensland Press, 1996. Quin, Karl. Mollys Story. The Koori History Project. February 17, 2002. Accessed January 25, 2017. http://www.kooriweb.org/foley/resources/film/sunage17feb02.html. Schilling, Vincent. Native Actors Walk Off Set of Adam Sandler Movie After Insults to Women, Elders. Indian Country Media Network. April 23, 2015. Accessed January 29, 2017. https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/culture/arts-entertainment/native-actors-walk-off-set-of-adam-sandler-movie-after-insults-to-women-elders/.

Short Story :: essays research papers

...the names of those involved have been changed to protect the innocent... March 1, 2001 5:39 p.m. - Nerves, nerves, nerves†¦how can one letter enclosed inside of an envelope determine so much? Michael Livingston had plenty to lose. Try four years of undergraduate school at Morehouse University, two years of Notre Dame graduate school, and Harvard Law. Yes he had plenty to lose. Walking into the door of his closed-space apartment, he sits down with the letter in plain view. Thump, Thump, Thump! His heart races like greyhounds at a race track. The time is here. The time is now. Michael opens the letter to find his results of the BAR exam he had taken†¦ â€Å"Dear Mr. Livingston, It gives us great pleasure to inform you that you are in the ninetieth percentile upon completion of the Virginia State BAR Examination. Congratulations on your success.† Experiencing a seventh heaven elation, Michael throws the life-saving letter up in the air, and yells to the top of his lungs. He sits down on the couch with a sudden thrust as if he were lightheaded. He picks up the letter again and reads it a few more times before disregarding it for the last time. As he catches his breath, the tight brown belt from his khaki trousers digs into his stomach making for an even more uncomfortable pose. Pulling his white Geoffrey Beane button-up shirt out of his trousers, Michael then gets up and walks into his room as if he were in a drunken stoop. The excitement he was experiencing tired him more than the 9 to 5 internship at the courthouse. While his heavy head sunk into the pillow, Mike hears a mysterious knock at his apartment door. â€Å"Who in the hell†¦?† he says emphatically. Mumbling words that would turn his mother in her grave, Michael looks out the peep hole he normally uses to look a Cynthia’s ass.(Cynthia is the 24 yea r old film student that lives in front of Michael.) He then notices three gentlemen; all dressed in fine tailored suites with matching hats and coughing handkerchiefs. Michael shouts, â€Å"Who is it and what do you want?† â€Å"Mr. Livingston,† one gentleman replies. â€Å"We are representatives from Sampson, Heath, Jacks, and associates. May we have a word with you Sir?† Michael tells the gentlemen to hold for a moment while he puts on a shirt. He comes back and opens the creaking door.

Implicit and Explicit Learning: Two Different Systems?

Implicit and explicit learning: Two different systems? Implicit and explicit learning methods have been empirically tested over many years and the debate still goes on, are they connected to one another or are they two separate systems? This essay aims to evaluate studies on both sides and come to a conclusion based on current research. Implicit learning was first defined as, how one develops intuitive knowledge about the underlying structure of a complex stimulus environment, without a conscious effort (Reber, 1967).This in Lehman’s terms is essentially unconscious learning, meaning that certain things are learned without our brain being actively used to learn them. Explicit learning on the other hand is defined by Mathers et al (1989) as being very similar to the conscious problem solving processes, this is because our brain attempts to form a mental representation of the task and searches memory for previous knowledge before testing mental models of task performance. Grant & Berg (1948) showed just how clear implicit learning is when they created the Wisconsin card-sorting test (WCST).The participants had to categorize cards but were not told how to categorize them, but only if it was right or wrong. After a few tries the participants were able to successfully match the cards to the right categories however when asked why they could not explain why they matched the card to that category, showing that this learning was done implicitly and is hard to explain how they came to that conclusion. A clear example of explicit learning is when a child is learning their math timetables because they are consciously participating in a new learning exercise.Cleeremans & Jimenez (2002) describes implicit-explicit learning as a continuum whereas Aizenstein et al (2004) suggests that different areas of the brain are active during different types of learning. As there are different types of learning, there are also different types of memory and learning and memory are inextricably linked with one another. Therefore neurologists and psychologists have argued that if there are 2 separate systems of memory then surely, as memory and learning are so closely interlinked, learning must also have a similar system (Kihlstrom, Dorfman & Park, 2007).Grammar learning has being at the centre of the majority of research as the human brain deciphers grammar through both memory and learning. This was shown in Reber (1967) study or artificial grammar learning, where he presented participants with a string of artificial sentences that have been created by using a complex set of grammatical rules. Reber concluded that while all the sentences across both groups technically made no sense, participants identified that there was a set of grammatical rules behind the sentences.When the sentences changed and some were grammatically correct and some were not, participants knew that there was something wrong about the sentence however they could not explain what this was. This is because the participants were unconsciously learning the set of rules while reading the sentence. During different types of learning, different areas of the brain become active and have increased blood flow, this presents a solid platform for a multiple system view of learning in humans.This debate has been discussed in the context of memory as well as learning systems. Goschke (1998) provides evidence for this when he studied the implicit learning of motor sequences. Goschke discovered, through brain imaging, that different domain-specific areas of the brain became active during motor sequence learning, areas that suggest the different areas of the brain become active through one learning task. Consequently proposing the theory for independent learning systems.This theory was reinforced when Aizenstein (2004) used modern technology in the form of fMRI scans to measure regional brain activity during concurrent implicit and explicit sequence learning, this study found that b rain activity was very similar in both types of learning. With the visual cortex and the striatum showing activity in both conditions, however the main difference between the conditions was direction of activation change in the visual cortex. In the implicit condition the visual particle had a negative ? indicating a reduced response related with the learning trials. The prefrontal cortex was also activated more in the explicit condition. Although Aizenstein found a difference in the regional brain activity, there was also an overlap in activity in the two conditions, replicating the findings of Willingham, Salidis & Gabrieli (2002) and Schendan, Searl, Melrose & Stern (2003). There has been evidence found in studies on amnesia patients that strongly suggests that implicit and explicit memory is two very distinct systems.Levy, Stark & Squire (2004) discovered that, through a series of experiments on memory-impaired patients, implicit priming (the identification of an item is improve d from an earlier encounter) is still intact in the patients. However new priming proves to be difficult for them. This is due to damage to the hippocampus and other related structures in the medial temporal lobe consequently amnesiacs find a task difficult if it depends on the linking of unrelated items.As there are many models of multiple learning systems that have being empirically tested over the years, this has become the most commonly accepted model of learning. This is also due to modern technology such as fMRI also reinforcing certain factors that suggest a multiple system view, as Aizenstein (2004) showed. Consequently not many researchers take it on themselves to go against the majority and opt to research a singular system view of learning. However, despite a small amount of valid research on this topic, there is still substantial evidence that prolongs this debate.Cleermans & Jimenez (2002) present research that indicates the learning process is not two separate systems of implicit and explicit learning, but that it is a continuum. This continuum runs from weak learning, implicit learning, along to strong learning, explicit learning, therefore proposing learning not as two separate systems but as a single loop of learning. Perruchet & Amorim (1992) ran a series of experiments on sequence learning and the effect of conscious knowledge on changes in performance.Through these experiments they concluded that, although many claims have being made for dissociations between learning systems, Perruchet & Amorim regarded these as groundless. Meaning that although there might have been experiments created to thoroughly test the hypotheses, Perruchet & Amorim argued that these tests failed to provide reliable empirical support for dissociation. Stanton & Nosofsky (2007) also provided evidence against the multiple learning systems hypothesis.In this study, Stanton & Nosofsky aimed to reverse the dissociations already established by Reber (1967) and Goshke (199 8). He aimed to do this to demonstrate how the earlier studies failed to provide solid evidence for a dissociation, by reversing the dissociation Stanton & Nosofsky showed just how invalid the previous results were. They concluded that a better research strategy would be to create more fully specified versions of both multiple and single system models of learning therefore being able to evaluate them more wholly.Another key point raised by Willingham & Goedert-Eschmann (1999) is that despite learning being a multiple system, there is evidence for a single system connection. They provide evidence that connects the two systems by parallel learning. When a participant is explicitly learning a sequence, their implicit knowledge of the task is improving alongside explicit learning, consequently signifying a connection between the two systems.Willingham & Goedert-Eschmann focused this research on the parallelism of the two structures as little research had been done on this theory because of the amount of researchers focusing their resources on the separability of the two systems. In evaluation, the literature reviewed in this essay has being quite compelling, with the majority of research on a multiple system view of learning it seems to be the most widely accepted theory despite no concluding evidence. As there has been a vast amount of research on a multiple system view, there is little on a single system view thus making it hard to evaluate both systems fairly.Despite this, using the literature I have discovered, a conclusion can be made that there is more evidence for a multiple system of learning. Especially in neurophysiology shown by Aizenstein’s (2004) results from the fMRI scans did show some slight differences in brain activity when different tasks were presented that required implicit and explicit knowledge/learning. On the other hand Cleermans & Jimenez (2002) suggest that there are slight differences, similar to Aizenstein (2004), however this i s due to a singular system in the form of a continuum.As memory and learning are closely connected and there has being different types of memory established, short-term memory and long term memory, there has been many researchers looking for a link between memories and learning processes. As learning is defined as the process of laying down some sort of memory trace, there is no reason to suspect that different memory systems will be able to identify certain categories of learning (Ashby & Maddox, 2005). Despite all of the research up to date, no single piece of research has been able to show that different types of memory and learning are directly linked to one another.However Ashby and Maddox did conclude that different memory types (for example sensory and primary memory, short term and long term memory) could identify different categories of learning consequently suggesting that more research needs doing into this phenomenon. Willingham & Goedert-Eschmann (1999) provided an inte resting explanation of the learning system, they hinted at two separate systems of learning, an implicit system and a completely separate explicit system, that were connected. This was through parallel learning.For example as we explicitly learn a sequence, our implicit system is learning concurrently with our explicit system. Providing evidence for a new theory that, although they are two separate systems, they still work together. Finally, judging from the research that has being done, a conclusion can be made that although the majority of literature out there is focusing on trying to separate the two systems and support the multiple system theory of learning, there are still unanswered questions that have arisen from research.Cleermans & Jimenez (2002) provide a very interesting approach to these theories and propose an idea of a learning continuum, this question is still unanswered 10 years after the theory was proposed. Willingham & Goedert-Eschmann (1999) also have an input in to this debate, they suggest that while explicit and implicit learning systems are separate, they are still constantly synchronized because whilst we are explicitly learning something, our implicit system is working to store the knowledge so we do not need to consciously engage our brains next time we come across the same or similar problem.The final question that is still unanswered is a debate that has gone on for decades, is learning and memory connected? The final answer to that question is yes, yes it is however researchers are still looking into whether certain types of learning go to certain areas of the brain to be stored as memory or whether memory types cannot distinguish category learning. In conclusion, from current research, the most widely accepted theory is that there are multiple learning systems and that it is not a singular system for both explicit and implicit learning.References Aizenstein, H. J. , Stenger, V. A. , Cochran, J. , Clark, K. , Johnson, M. , Nebes, R . D. , & Carter, C. S. (2004). Regional Brain Activation during Concurrent Implicit and Explicit Sequence Learning. Oxford Journals: Life Sciences & Medicines, Cerebral Cortex, 14(2), 199-208 Ashby, F. G. , & Maddox, W. T. (2005). Human Category Learning. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 149-178. Cleeremans, A. , & Jimenez, L. (2002). Implicit Learning and consciousness: A graded, dynamic perspective. In R. M. French & A.Cleeremans (Eds. ), Implicit Learning and Consciousness (p1-40) Hove UK: Psychology Press. Goschke, T. (1998) Implicit learning of perceptual and motor sequences: Evidence for independent systems, in Handbook of Implicit Learning (Stadler, M. A. and Frensch, P. , eds), pp. 401–444, Sage Publications. Grant, D. A. , & Berg, E. (1948). A behavioral analysis of degree of reinforcement and ease of shifting to new responses in Weigl-type card-sorting problem. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38, 404–411. Levy, D. , Stark, C. & Squire, L. 2004). Intact Co nceptual Priming in the Absence of Declarative Memory. Psychological Science, 15(10), 680-686 Kihlstrom, J. , Dorfman, J. , & Park, L. (2007). Implicit and Explicit Memory and Learning. Retrieved November 6th, 2012, from http://ist-socrates. berkeley. edu/~kihlstrm/IandMLandM. htm Mathers, R. C. , Buss, B. B. , Stanley, W. B. , Blanchard-Fields, F. , Cho, J. R. , & Druhan, B. (1989). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 15(6), 1083-1100. Perruchet, P. , & Amorim, M. (1992). Conscious knowledge and changes in performance in sequence learning: evidence against dissociation. Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition, 18, 785-800. Reber, A. S. (1967). Implicit learning of artificial grammars. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 77, 312-327. Schendan, H. E. , Searl, M. M. , Melrose, R. J. , & Stern, C. E. (2003). An fMRI study of the role of the medial temporal lobe in implicit and explicit sequence learning. Neuron 37(6) ,1013–1025. Stanton, R. , & Nosofsky, R. (2007).Feedback interference and dissociations of classification: Evidence against the multiple-learning-systems hypothesis. Journal of Memory & Cognition, 35(7), 1747-1758. Willingham, D. B. , & Goedert-Eschmann, K. (1999). The Relation Between Implicit and Explicit Learning: Evidence for Parallel Development. Psychological Science, 10(6), 531-534. Willingham, D. B. , Salidis, J. , & Gabrieli, J. D. (2002). Direct comparison of neural systems mediating conscious and unconscious skill learning. Journal of Neurophysiology, 88(3), 1451–1460.